A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, “drive” refers to a device distinct from its medium, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a floppy disk drive and its floppy disk. Early HDDs had removable media; however, an HDD today is typically a sealed unit (except for a filtered vent hole to equalize air pressure) with fixed media.

HDDs (introduced in 1956 as data storage for an IBM accounting computer) were originally developed for use with general purpose computers. In the 21st century, applications for HDDs have expanded to include digital video recorders, digital audio players, personal digital assistants, digital cameras and video game consoles. In 2005 the first mobile phones to include HDDs were introduced by Samsung and Nokia. The need for large-scale, reliable storage, independent of a particular device, led to the introduction of embedded systems such as RAID arrays, network attached storage (NAS) systems and storage area network (SAN) systems that provide efficient and reliable access to large volumes of data.

Using rigid disks and sealing the unit allows much tighter tolerances than in a floppy disk drive. Consequently, hard disk drives can store much more data than floppy disk drives and can access and transmit it faster.
A typical desktop HDD might store between 120 GB and 1 TB of data (based on US market data), rotate at 5,400 to 10,000 rpm and have a media transfer rate of 1 Gbit/s or higher[citation needed]. (1 GB = 109 B; 1 Gbit/s = 109 bit/s)
As of July 2008, the highest capacity HDDs are 1.5 TB.
The fastest “enterprise” HDDs spin at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm, and can achieve sequential media transfer speeds above 1.6 Gbit/s. and a sustained transfer rate up to 125 MBytes/second. Drives running at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm use smaller platters because of air drag and therefore generally have lower capacity than the highest capacity desktop drives.
Mobile, i.e., laptop HDDs, which are physically smaller than their desktop and enterprise counterparts, tend to be slower and have less capacity. A typical mobile HDD spins at 5,400 rpm, with 7,200 rpm models available for a slight price premium. Because of the smaller disks, mobile HDDs generally have lower capacity than the highest capacity desktop drives.

The exponential increases in disk space and data access speeds of HDDs have enabled the commercial viability of consumer products that require large storage capacities, such as digital video recorders and digital audio players. In addition, the availability of vast amounts of cheap storage has made viable a variety of web-based services with extraordinary capacity requirements, such as free-of-charge web search, web archiving and video sharing duplicate files (Google, Yahoo!, YouTube, etc.).

The main way to decrease access time is to increase rotational speed, while the main way to increase throughput and storage capacity is to increase areal density. A vice president of Seagate Technology projects a future growth in disk density of 40% per year. Access times have not kept up with throughput increases, which themselves have not kept up with growth in storage capacity.

The first 3.5″ HDD marketed as able to store 1 TB was the Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000. It contains five platters at approximately 200 GB each, providing 935.5 GiB of usable space. Hitachi has since been joined by Samsung (Samsung SpinPoint F1, which has 3 × 334 GB platters), Seagate and Western Digital in the 1 TB drive market.

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A divided Federal Communications Commission has ruled that Comcast Corp. violated federal policy when it blocked Internet traffic for some subscribers and has ordered the cable giant to change the way it manages its network.

In a precedent-setting move, the FCC by a 3-2 vote on Friday enforced a policy that guarantees customers open access to the Internet.

The commission did not assess a fine, but ordered the company to stop cutting off transfers of large data files among customers who use a special type of “file-sharing” software. Associated Press reports on Comcast’s activities led to the complaints filed with the FCC.

Comcast says its practices are reasonable — that it has delayed traffic, not blocked it — and that the FCC’s so-called network-neutrality “principles” are part of a policy statement and are not enforceable rules.

Republican FCC Chairman Kevin Martin proposed the enforcement action and was joined by Democratic commissioners Jonathan Adelstein and Michael Copps in voting for approval. He was opposed by members of his own party, commissioners Robert McDowell and Deborah Taylor Tate, who both issued lengthy dissents.

The commission’s authority to act stems from a policy statement adopted in September 2005 that outlined a set of principles meant to ensure that broadband networks are “widely deployed, open, affordable and accessible to all consumers.”

The principles are “subject to reasonable network management,” a concept the agency has not explicitly defined.

While the FCC action did not include a fine, it does require Comcast within 30 days of release of the order to disclose the details of its “discriminatory network management”; submit a compliance plan describing how it intends to stop these practices by the end of the year; and disclose to customers and the commission its new plan.

Martin said Comcast managers were not “simply managing their network, they had arbitrarily picked an application and blocked their subscribers’ access to it.”

The agency said that Comcast had a motive to interfere. Peer-to-peer applications are used to load video that “poses a potential competitive threat to Comcast’s video-on-demand service,” it said.

Martin was particularly critical of the company’s failure to disclose to customers exactly how it was managing its traffic.

Comcast spokeswoman Sena Fitzmaurice said in a prepared statement that the company was “disappointed in the commission’s divided conclusion because we believe that our network management choices were reasonable….”

She said the company believes the order “raises significant due process concerns and a variety of substantive legal questions.”

The FCC’s action means network operators are subject to the FCC’s enforcement process and the agency will act on consumer complaints.

Martin told The Associated Press in an interview before the meeting that the agency will consider fines for future violations, but he declined to speculate on how large they would be.

The FCC action arose when bloggers reported that Comcast customers who used file-sharing software like BitTorrent were noticing their transmissions were aborting prematurely.

AP ran tests and reported Comcast “actively interferes” with attempts by some subscribes to share files online, and that the practice involved “company computers masquerading as those of its users.”

The report led to a complaint by public interest group Free Press and others that the company was violating agency principles.

Comcast has said it did not block traffic, but delayed it, and only among users of the file-sharing, peer-to-peer programs that were responsible for taking up a disproportionate share of bandwidth and endangering service for other customers.

The company says it will stop using its network management practice by the end of the year and switch to a “protocol agnostic” technique that will not single out any particular type of traffic.

The enforceability of the agency’s “network neutrality” principles have been questioned by many, including Martin, who said when the policy statement was adopted in 2005 that they “do not establish rules nor are they enforceable documents.”

McDowell said in his dissent, “I agree that we do have jurisdiction, in general, over these areas. However, we do not have any rules governing Internet network management to enforce.”

Tate said she would prefer that the FCC act as a “mediator” rather than an enforcer regarding Internet disputes.

Members of Congress, including presumed Democratic presidential nominee Sen. Barack Obama of Illinois, have pushed for network neutrality legislation without success.

Large Internet service providers have fought such regulation, arguing that companies that spend billions on their networks must be free to manage traffic.

Verizon Communications Inc., AT&T Inc. and the U.S. Telecom Association all released statements Friday saying the FCC action proved there was no need for federal network neutrality legislation.

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