The CCNA validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot enterprise level router and switched networks. This includes design implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN. New CCNA training includes basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless networking and Voice. The CCNA Credential is obtained by passing 640-822 and 640-816 or the single 640-802 composite exam.

CCNA Training

Cisco’s official CCNA training consists of separate classes for each official course. Both ICND1 and ICND2 are 40 hour classes. Some Cisco Learning Partners also offer the CCNA training as a boot camp, combining both courses in a hands-on training & certification preparation experience.
ICND1 – 640-822
ICND2 – 640-816

Both classes apply towards the combined 640-802 .

Examination

Candidates have the option of gaining the certification by passing two tests (640-822 ICND1 and 640-816 ICND2), or one single test (CCNA 640-802)Composite; the two-test option has the advantage of allowing the candidate to test for the subject matter in one or two sittings.

Continuing education

The certification is valid for three years; at that time a Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) ccna training holder must either
re-take the CCNA or ICND2 exam, or
take and pass an exam for one of the Professional (e.g.,Professional certifications CCNP or Specialist level certifications (excluding the sales specialist exams), or pass the CCIE written exam.

These exams are conducted by authorized test centers at a cost of USD$125 each for the ICND1 or ICND2 exams and, effective 06-23-2008, USD$250 for the composite CCNA exam.

There is also the Cisco Networking Academy, which brings the CCNA and CCNP curricula into traditional educational institutions in more than 150 countries. Students enrolled in Cisco Networking Academy can request exam vouchers that allow them to take the retired exam for an extended period of time.

Taught by certified instructors who are experts in the IT field, the Cisco CCNA training course features a dynamic curriculum designed to successfully prepare you for a career as a CCNA professional in the IT world. With this amazing CCNA certification training video course, you will learn basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless networking concepts and terminology, and performance-based skills, as well as the use of these protocols: IP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Serial Line Interface Protocol Frame Relay, Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2),VLANs, Ethernet, access control lists (ACLs). Learning from our self-study CCNA training videos allow you the freedom to learn on your own time by instructor-led sessions that you can watch over and over again until you feel comfortable with the material.

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Almost every used car sale is an “as-is” sale. What you see is what you get so a used car buyer should do all their research before buying a vehicle. Some countries or states/provinces within those countries have specific laws which grant the used car buyer some additional protection. For example, the law may provide for a cooling off period in which the buyer may return the car or the law may require warranties on the used car.

• Canada Ontario – New and used vehicle sales are regulated by the Ontario Motor Vehicle Industry Council (OMVIC).
• European Union – Used cars have a statutory warranty according to the system of laws of the European Union, the so-called “Liability for defects”, which lasts for 12 months.
• United States – The Federal Trade Commission’s Used Car Rule requires dealers to post a Buyers Guide in every used car they offer for sale.

In the United States, an estimated 34-percent of consumers (in 2006) are buying vehicle history reports for used cars. Vehicle history reports are an inexpensive way to check the track record of any used vehicle. Vehicle history reports provide customers with a detailed record based on the vehicle’s serial number (VIN). These reports will indicate items of public record, such as vehicle title branding, lemon law buybacks, odometer fraud and recalls.

They may indicate minor/moderate collision damage or improper vehicle maintenance. An attempt to identify used cars for sale which have been previously owned by hire car rental agencies, police and emergency services or taxi fleets is also made. However, consumers should research vehicles carefully, as these reporting services only report the information to which they have access.

The above is not a list of where to buy or obtain a report as there are many resellers of these reports. This list identifies in which countries reports are available and the primary provider where you can learn what type of data is available in each country.

An often overlooked avenue is for sellers of cars. The seller, particularly the original owner should have service and repair records – great information to show the value and remove doubt in the mind of potential buyers. Services like DriverSide in the United States and DriveArchivein the United Kingdom are trying to create tools to help car owners track this service information.

Free Vehicle History Reports

There is much confusion about the availability of “free vehicle history reports” or “free Carfax reports.” None of the vehicle history reporting services in any of the countries listed above offer the service for free. Several of the services, most notably those in the United Kingdom and the United States, sell reports to dealers and then encourage the dealers to display the reports on their Internet sites. These reports are paid for by the dealer and then offered for free to potential buyers of the vehicle.

Research used car pricing

When researching used car prices, you’ll typically find three kinds of prices:

Dealer or Retail Price is the price you should expect to pay if buying from a licensed new-car or second hand cars dealer — retail price. Dealer prices will always be the highest listed because of the dealership’s need to make a profit.

• Dealer Trade-in Price or wholesale price is the price you should expect to receive from a dealer if you trade in a car. This is also the price that a dealer will typically pay for a car at a dealer wholesale auction.
• Private-Party Price is the price you should expect to pay if you were buying from an individual. A private-party seller is hoping to get more money than they would with a trade-in to a dealer.
• A private-party buyer is hoping to pay less than the dealer retail price.

The growth of the Internet has fueled the availability of information on the prices of used cars. Whereas this information was once only available in trade publications that dealers had access to, there are now numerous sources for used car pricing. Multiple sources of used car pricing means that the prices you get from different sources often won’t agree with each other. This is a result of each pricing guide receiving data from different sources and making different judgments about that data. The best way to determine a price is to cross-check prices with multiple sources and add a dose of your own good judgment to arrive at your price.

Pricing of used cars can be affected by geography; generally a convertible has a much higher demand in Florida than in New Hampshire. Similarly, pickups are often more in demand in rural than urban settings. Condition – Is the car in excellent, good or fair condition – has a major impact on pricing. Condition is based on appearances, vehicle history, mechanical condition and mileage. There is much subjectivity in how the condition of a car is evaluated.

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Who benefits the most from a recession?  The Buyer!

1. Value Stocks are Plentiful – With recession comes fear in the markets.  The human emotion of fear is usually a bad thing for the stock market except if you are a buyer!  With strong stocks trading at historically low prices, it can be a field day for investors who have cash.
2. Real Estate Buyers Market – If you are fortunate enough to be in the market for a home, then there is no better time to buy real estate than during a recession.  With fewer buyers out there, houses are sitting on the market a little longer.  This creates a little more motivation in the seller which typically results in lower house prices.
3. Cheaper to Borrow – A slower economy typically means that the central banks will jump in and lower interest rates in an attempt to encourage spending.  Lower rates means lower debt servicing payments such as mortgages and investment loans.  This is another reason why it’s a great time to be a home buyer!
4. Retail items are cheaper – With retail sales slower due to consumers cutting their discretionary spending, retailers try to boost their sales by slashing prices.  It’s a great time to buy items that you have been saving up for at a reduced price.
5. Gas is cheaper – With a global recession, there is a lower demand for oil thus lower oil prices.  As oil and gas prices usually go hand in hand, a recession means that gasoline prices are reduced.  As of today, I haven’t seen gas prices this low since 2003!
6. It’s Vacation Time -  Lower gas prices along with less people spending money on luxuries (like travel), makes it a perfect environment for a lower cost vacation.  Airline tickets, hotel stays and even car rentals are all reduced in price.  Want an example?  Disney is currently offering 3 nights free if you book a 4 night package with them.

Recession proof your life by balancing your household budget and create a savings for yourself.  The cash will come in handy when things get cheap.

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