The CCNA validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot enterprise level router and switched networks. This includes design implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN. New CCNA training includes basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless networking and Voice. The CCNA Credential is obtained by passing 640-822 and 640-816 or the single 640-802 composite exam.

CCNA Training

Cisco’s official CCNA training consists of separate classes for each official course. Both ICND1 and ICND2 are 40 hour classes. Some Cisco Learning Partners also offer the CCNA training as a boot camp, combining both courses in a hands-on training & certification preparation experience.
ICND1 – 640-822
ICND2 – 640-816

Both classes apply towards the combined 640-802 .

Examination

Candidates have the option of gaining the certification by passing two tests (640-822 ICND1 and 640-816 ICND2), or one single test (CCNA 640-802)Composite; the two-test option has the advantage of allowing the candidate to test for the subject matter in one or two sittings.

Continuing education

The certification is valid for three years; at that time a Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) ccna training holder must either
re-take the CCNA or ICND2 exam, or
take and pass an exam for one of the Professional (e.g.,Professional certifications CCNP or Specialist level certifications (excluding the sales specialist exams), or pass the CCIE written exam.

These exams are conducted by authorized test centers at a cost of USD$125 each for the ICND1 or ICND2 exams and, effective 06-23-2008, USD$250 for the composite CCNA exam.

There is also the Cisco Networking Academy, which brings the CCNA and CCNP curricula into traditional educational institutions in more than 150 countries. Students enrolled in Cisco Networking Academy can request exam vouchers that allow them to take the retired exam for an extended period of time.

Taught by certified instructors who are experts in the IT field, the Cisco CCNA training course features a dynamic curriculum designed to successfully prepare you for a career as a CCNA professional in the IT world. With this amazing CCNA certification training video course, you will learn basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless networking concepts and terminology, and performance-based skills, as well as the use of these protocols: IP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Serial Line Interface Protocol Frame Relay, Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2),VLANs, Ethernet, access control lists (ACLs). Learning from our self-study CCNA training videos allow you the freedom to learn on your own time by instructor-led sessions that you can watch over and over again until you feel comfortable with the material.

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Common use cases of such software include parents who wish to limit what sites their children may view from home computers, schools performing the same function with regard to computers found at school, and employers restricting what content may be viewed by employees while on the job. Some content-control software includes time control functions that empowers parents to set the amount of time that child may spend accessing the Internet or playing games or other computer activities.

In some countries, such software is ubiquitous. In Cuba, if computer user types a dissent keyword, the word processor or browser is automatically closed, and a “state security” warning is given.

This article uses the term “content control”, a term also used on occasion by CNN, Playboy magazine and the New York Times. However, two other terms, censorware and web filtering, while more controversial, are often used.

Companies that make GFI WebMonitor 2009 products that selectively block Web sites do not refer to these products as censorware, and prefer terms such as “Internet filter” or “URL Filter”; in the specialized case of software specifically designed to allow parents to monitor and restrict the access of their children, “parental control software” is also used. Some products log all sites that a user accesses and rates them based on content type for reporting to an “accountability partner” of the person’s choosing, and the term accountability software is used. Internet filters, parental control software, and/or accountability software may also be combined into one product.

Those critical of such software, however, use the term “censorware” freely: consider the Censorware Project, for example. The use of the term censorware in editorials criticizing makers of such software is widespread and covers many different varieties and applications: Xeni Jardin used the term in a 9 March 2006 editorial in the New York Times when discussing the use of American-made filtering software to suppress content in China; in the same month a high school student used the term to discuss the deployment of such software in his school district.

Seth Finkelstein, an anti-censorware advocate and recipient of the EFF Pioneer Award, described what he saw as a terminology battle, in a hearing at the Library of Congress in 2003: I think the best public relations that the censorware companies ever did was to get the word “filter” attached to their products. When you think of a spam filter, for example, you think of something that you do not want to see.

But, again, as I said earlier, censorware is not like a spam filter. What censorware is, is an authority wants to prevent a subject under their control from viewing material that the authority has forbidden to them. This description is general.

In general, outside of editorial pages as described above, traditional newspapers do not use the term censorware in their reporting, preferring instead to use terms such as content filter, content control, or web filtering; the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal both appear to follow this practice. On the other hand, Web-based newspapers such as CNET use the term in both editorial and journalistic contexts, e.g., “Windows Live to Get Censorware.”

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Carbonite was the first online backup company to offer unlimited backup space for a fixed price. Prior to Carbonite entering the market in early 2006, all online backup services were priced by the gigabyte. Many other vendors have since changed to an unlimited model similar to Carbonite’s. Carbonite also pioneered mass market advertising for consumer backup, signing up a variety of spokespersons ranging from Howard Stern to Rush Limbaugh and Bill O’Reilly.

While some online backup services like AOL’s Xdrive, HP’s Upline and Yahoo’s Briefcase shut down in recent years, Carbonite is credited with making online backup easy by simplifying the process and simplifying the service. Carbonite was named ‘Best Windows Backup Tool’ by Lifehacker, ‘Labs Winner’ by PC Pro and ‘Editor’s Choice’ by NextAdvisor.

Carbonite Online Backup installs a client software program on the user’s computer that operates continuously in the background. This client software automatically seeks out new and changed files on the user’s computer and backs them using block-level incremental backup. Each file is compressed and encrypted using a 448-bit Blowfish encryption before it is sent to remote servers on the Internet. Data is transmitted to the servers using a secure https link. The encrypted files are stored on 15-drive RAID6 storage arrays. The client software also provides de-duplication at the file level.

Carbonite is designed to automatically backup all user-generated content including text documents, spreadsheets, financial documents, photos, music, etc. Specifically, on a Windows PC, Carbonite backs up everything in the Documents and Settings folder, including the desktop, favorites, and all other files except for temporary and log files. Any file or folder can be added to the default backup.

On Microsoft Windows XP and Vista systems the backup software integrates tightly with Windows, adding green dots to the file icons of any backed up file. Adding or removing files from the backup is done using the right mouse button and the Windows context menus. For Intel-based Macs running OS 10.4 (Tiger) or 10.5 (Leopard), Carbonite is controlled through the system preferences and using the control + click menu. Carbonite has promised support for Windows 7 and expects general availability by the time Microsoft releases Windows 7.

Carbonite also includes a “remote access” application that allows individual files to be downloaded to any PC using just a web browser.

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